Migraine and Pregnancy

by admin | Oct 1, 2012 | Women & Headaches

This article addresses questions most frequently asked by women with migraine who are planning a pregnancy.  Please consult your own physician if you are pregnant or are planning a pregnancy.

I’m pregnant…but what’s going to happen to my migraine?

Results from studies suggest that at least 70% of women who have migraine without aura experience improvement in migraine during pregnancy, particularly during the second and third trimesters.1-4 Since migraine without aura is often associated with falling levels of oestrogen, the reason for improvement in pregnancy is often considered to be the more stable levels of oestrogen. However, there are many physical, biochemical, and emotional changes in pregnancy that could also account for improvement, including increased production of natural painkillers known as endorphins, muscle relaxation, and changes in sugar balance. In contrast to migraine without aura, attacks of migraine with aura follow a different pattern during pregnancy as attacks are more likely to continue and aura may develop for the first time.5-7

I’m pregnant…but is migraine going to harm my baby?

There is no evidence that migraine, either with or without aura, affects the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or congenital abnormalities over and above the expected outcome for pregnancy in women without migraine.5,8

I’m pregnant…but what can I take to treat my migraine?

Drugs tend to exert their greatest effects on the developing baby during the first month of pregnancy, often before the woman knows she is pregnant. Hence take as few drugs as possible, in the lowest effective dose. Although many of the drugs taken by unsuspecting women rarely cause harm, there is a difference between reassuring the pregnant woman that what she has taken is unlikely to have affected the pregnancy and advising her what she should take for future attacks. Most evidence of safety is circumstantial; few drugs have been tested during pregnancy and breastfeeding because of the obvious ethical limitations of such trials. Hence drugs are only recommended if the potential benefits to the woman and baby outweigh the potential risks.

Non-drug treatment

Many pregnant women favour non-drug methods of management during pregnancy, particularly once they are aware that migraine is likely to improve with time. Early pregnancy symptoms such as sickness, particularly if severe, can reduce food and fluid intake resulting in low blood sugar and dehydration, aggravating migraine. Simple advice to eat small, frequent carbohydrate snacks and drink plenty of fluids may help both problems. Adequate rest is necessary to counter overtiredness, particularly in the first and last trimesters. Other safe preventative measures that can be tried include biofeedback, yoga, massage, and relaxation techniques. The benefits of these methods can last longer than the pregnancy!

Drugs to treat the symptoms of migraine

Pain killers

Most painkillers are safe to use in pregnancy. However, check with your doctor, particularly if you are getting headaches more often than a couple of days a week. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the drug of choice in pregnancy, having been used extensively without apparent harm to the developing baby.9 Aspirin has been taken by many pregnant women in the first and second terms of pregnancy.9, 10 However, it should be avoided near the expected time of delivery since it can increase bleeding. Codeine: Codeine is not generally recommended for the management of migraine in the UK.11 However, occasional use in doses found in combined analgesics is unlikely to cause harm. Ibuprofen: can be taken in doses not exceeding 600 mg daily.9

Antisickness drugs

Buclizine, chlorpromazine, domperidone (not available in the U.S), metoclopramide and prochlorperazine have all been used widely in pregnancy without apparent harm.

Triptans

Data from the large sumatriptan safety database, where inadvertent exposure to sumatriptan during pregnancy has occurred, are reassuring.12 However, continuing triptans during pregnancy is not recommended.

Ergots

Ergotamine should not be used during pregnancy as it can increase the risk of miscarriage and perinatal death.

Drugs to prevent migraine

If daily medication is considered necessary to prevent migraine during pregnancy, the lowest effective dose of propranolol is the drug of choice.9 Amitriptyline is a safe alternative.9 There are no reports of adverse outcomes from pizotifen (not available in the U.S.) used during pregnancy or lactation, although it is less often used than the drugs above. In contrast, sodium valproate, increasingly used for migraine prophylaxis, should not be taken during pregnancy in the absence of epilepsy as there is a high risk of fetal abnormalities.13 Indeed, women prescribed sodium valproate for migraine must use effective contraception. In general, other anti-epileptic agents prescribed for migraine prophylaxis cannot justifiably be recommended during pregnancy on the basis of currently available evidence.

I’m pregnant…but I got these funny blind spots with my migraine – should I see my doctor?

It is not uncommon for a woman to have her first attack of migraine aura during pregnancy. Symptoms are typically bright visual zig-zags growing in size from a small bright spot and moving across the field of vision over 20-30 minutes before disappearing. A sensation of ‘pins and needles’ moving up an arm into the mouth may accompany this. If you experience these typical symptoms and your doctor confirms that this is migraine, there is no need to be concerned and no tests are necessary. However, if the symptoms are not typical for migraine aura, it is important to exclude other disorders, such as blood clotting disorders or high blood pressure, which may occasionally produce symptoms not dissimilar from migraine.

What’s going to happen to my migraine after I have the baby?

If migraine has improved, this will usually continue until periods return. However, a bad attack of migraine can occur within a couple of days of delivery. This may be because of the sudden drop in oestrogen that occurs.14 Exhaustion, dehydration and low-blood sugar are other possible causes.

What can I take to treat my migraine if I’m breastfeeding?

The same drugs used in pregnancy can be taken while breastfeeding, with the following exceptions; aspirin is excreted in breast milk, so should be avoided during breastfeeding because of the theoretical risk of Reye’s syndrome and impaired blood clotting in susceptible infants; metoclopramide is not generally recommended during lactation since small amounts are excreted into breast milk. The triptans almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, rizatriptan and sumatriptan are licensed for use in breastfeeding provided that you do not breastfeed within 24 hours of the last dose. I would recommend similar advice for naratriptan and zolmitriptan.

Planning a pregnancy

If you are planning a pregnancy, now is the time to discuss with your doctor about any medication you are taking. If you are taking preventative treatments that are not recommended in pregnancy, consider stopping them and/or switching to a safer alternative. For drugs used to treat the symptoms of migraine, try to limit triptans to the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle, when you are unlikely to be pregnant. Now is also the time to get in shape for pregnancy, which will also help migraine – avoid skipping meals, take regular exercise, drink plenty of fluids and start taking a multivitamin supplement for use in pregnancy.

Migraine and Pregnancy Summary Points

• Migraine may worsen in the first few weeks of pregnancy but usually improves by 16 weeks of pregnancy.
• Migraine does not harm the baby.
• Paracetamol/acetaminophen is safe throughout pregnancy and lactation. Aspirin is also safe, but may cause bleeding problems if taken near term.
• Prochlorperazine has been used for pregnancy-related nausea for many years.
• Metoclopramide and domperidone are safe, but are probably best avoided during the first trimester.
• For continuing frequent attacks, which warrant daily preventative treatment, propranolol has best evidence of safety during pregnancy and lactation.
• If you have taken triptans and then find you are pregnant, do not worry. However, continued use during pregnancy is not recommended.

Rapid advances in medicine may cause information contained here to become outdated, invalid or subject to debate.

  References

1. Maggioni F, Alessi C, Maggino T, Zanchin G. Headache during pregnancy. Cephalalgia1997;17(7):765-9.

2. Sances G, Granella F, Nappi R, et al. Course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective study.Cephalalgia 2003;23(3):197-205.

3. Chen T-C, Leviton A. Headache recurrence in pregnant women with migraine. Headache 1994;34:107-110.

4. Granella F, Sances G, Pucci E, Nappi R, Ghiotto N, Nappi G. Migraine with aura and reproductive life events: a case control study. Cephalalgia2000;20:701-7.

5. Wright G, Patel M. Focal migraine and pregnancy. BMJ 1986;293:1557-8.

6. Chancellor A, Wroe S, Cull R. Migraine occurring for the first time in pregnancy. Headache1990;30:224-7.

7. Cupini L, Matteis M, Troisi E, Calabresi P, Bernardi G, Silvestrini M. Sex-hormone-related events in migrainous females. A clinical comparative study between migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Cephalalgia 1995;15:140-4.

8. Wainscott G, Sullivan M, Volans G, Wilkinson M. The outcome of pregnancy in women suffering from migraine. Postgrad Med1978;54:98-102.

9. Rubin P, ed. Prescribing in Pregnancy. 3rd ed. London: BMJ Books, 2000.

10.Slone D, Siskind V, Heinonen O. Aspirin and congenital malformation. Lancet 1976;i:1373-5.

11.Steiner T, MacGregor E, Davies P. British Association for the Study of Headache. Guidelines for all doctors in the diagnosis and management of migraine and tension-type headache. Management Guidelines 2004 available at www.bash.org.uk

12.Loder E. Safety of sumatriptan in pregnancy: a review of the data so far. CNS Drugs  2003;17(1):1-7.

13.Lindout D, Schmidt D. In utero exposure to valproate and neural tube defects. Lancet 1986;ii:1142.

14.Stein G. Headaches in the first post partum week and their relationship to migraine. Headache1981;21:201-5.

written by E. Anne MacGregor, MD

MigraineSurvival is not responsible for the results of your decisions resulting from the use of this information.

Women and Headaches

by admin | Jul 1, 2012 | Women & Headaches

Migraine affects three times as many women as men

Primary headaches—headaches that do not have a secondary underlying cause—affect almost one third of women in their child-bearing years. Migraine headaches affect women three times more frequently than men. We suspect this may be the case because of the influence of hormones on the underlying genetic tendency toward migraine. In fact, it has been recently discovered that there is a migraine gene that is on the X chromosome. (It is not yet known how many migraine sufferers possess this gene.)

Many myths about women and headaches persist in our culture, but it’s not fair to treat women with headache unfairly. Find out the truth about these common headache and migraine myths.

In addition to the way that hormones may affect your genetics to cause migraine, it’s also important to understand how a woman’s  hormonal cycles affect headaches themselves. Sixty per cent of women with migraine headaches report that their worst headache each month occurs at the time of their menstrual cycle. Some women only experience menstrually related migraine headaches, and not at other times.

Migraines tend to affect women in a different fashion than men. Women report headaches that last longer and are associated with more accompanying symptoms. Their headaches tend to be more severe, more likely to require bedrest, and more likely to cause inability to attend work or social engagements.

According to the World Health Organization, migraine is the twelfth highest cause of disability in women worldwide.

Despite the heavy toll migraine takes on women, many have never seen a doctor about their headaches. A Canadian survey found that only 38% of women with migraine had sought medical care for their headaches. Although 40% of migraine sufferers experience weekly episodes, many self-treat rather than seek medical care. Historically, women have often been treated as if they were hysterical, crazy, up-tight, frigid, or in some other way blamed for having migraines. This is not the case. Migraine is a biochemical disorder of the brain – to understand it better, read our article on Pathophysiology. 

If your doctor does not seem to understand migraine or your headaches, or treats you like it is in any way your fault, find another doctor. Both the National Headache Foundation and the American Headache Society (US), or Help for Headaches if you are in Canada, can direct you to a physician with an interest in headache. You can find information for all these organizations on our Resources page.

Updated July 1, 2012

Twelve Myths About Migraine in Women

by admin | Jan 31, 2010 | Women & Headaches

Why do migraine headaches occur more frequently in women than in men?

Did you know that women are more likely to experience headaches than men? While tension-type headaches affect slightly more women than men, migraine is much more likely to affect women, and afflicts three times as many women as men. Why would this be?

The reason is thought to be a combination of genetics and hormones. The World Health Organization has found that migraine is a leading cause of disability in women throughout the world. Despite all we now know about migraines, misinformation persists.

Here are some common myths about why women have migraines.

Twelve Migraine Myths

Because the general public is largely misinformed about this illness, numerous misconceptions about migraine have entered the popular lore. What follows are twelve myths about women and migraine. Once you’re armed with the facts, you can set the record straight when confronted with such troublesome fallacies.

Myth 1 – Women get more migraines than men do because women are more emotional and easier to upset.

Fact:  Women experience more migraines than men do as a result of hormonal differences and genetics and their effect on brain biochemicals. The majority of women – however “emotional’ they may be – do not get migraines.

Myth 2 – Many women bring on migraines to avoid something like sex or work.

Fact:  Migraine is a disorder of altered physiology. While there may be a subset of women (and men) with subconsciously triggered psychosomatic migraines, the vast majority of migraineurs have no psychological reason for their headaches.

Myth 3 – Women who suffer from many migraines probably need to see a psychiatrist or psychologist. They must have some inner conflicts that cause those headaches.

Fact:  Some women with migraines also suffer form emotional problems, and addressing inner conflicts in therapy can reduce migraine frequency and severity. (However, it will not “cure” the underlying migraine tendency in the brain.) Some experts believe that the neurochemical changes that cause migraine can also cause mental disorders, such as depression. If a woman who experiences migraines also has an emotional problem, she may need to consult with a mental-health professional. But most women who suffer form migraines don’t need to see a psychiatrist or psychologist; they just need help in averting migraine attacks and managing their pain.

Myth 4 – Women get migraines because they eat bad things, like chocolate.

Fact:  Various foods do act as a trigger in about 25% of all migraine sufferers, which means that they don’t precipitate a headache in the majority of migraineurs. Of that 25%, not all women react adversely to chocolate. Some women anecdotally report that chocolate actually makes them feel better. Why? Because chocolate contains a caffeine-like substance, which can help alleviate pain in some individuals. Other foods that often trigger migraines are red wine, aged cheese, and dishes prepared with MSG. (More about food triggers later in this chapter.)

Myth 5 – If a medication works for one woman’s migraines, then it should work for most other women, too.

Fact:  Women are not all made from the same mold. A medication or treatment that works for one woman may not work for the next one. There’s a tremendous amount of individual variation in responsiveness to given medications.

Myth 6 – Women who get migraines are just plain depressed.

Fact:  A disproportionately high number of women with migraine are clinically depressed; however, treating their depression does not cure their migraine. Does the recurring pain of migraine make women feel depressed because migraine is inherently depressing? Or is there another cause of both depression and migraine? Research actively continues to work toward determining the underlying factors of this relationship. It is known that depression places one at increased risk of developing migraines and migraine increases the risk of becoming depressed. But it’s important to realize that depression is highly treatable.

Myth 7 – Women who get migraines usually have PMS (pre-menstrual syndrome).

Fact:  The approach of a woman’s period triggers migraine in many women. But these women do not necessarily also get PMS. For other women, migraines have nothing to do with their menstrual cycle. Some women who do have PMS do not get migraines.

Myth 8 – People who get migraines take a lot of time off from work.

Fact:  People with migraines don’t appear to take any more time off from work than people with other chronic ailments. In fact, some people with migraines struggle to stay on the job and actually take less time off than people with other disorders.

Myth 9 – Women who get “weekend headaches” are avoiding their spouses and families.

Fact:  Unfortunately for migraineurs, many women experience migraines on weekends. this could be because of a change from high levels of stress to lower stress levels. It may also be due to changes in daily habits, such as sleeping patterns and decreased caffeine intake. But few (if any) women get migraines because they want to avoid their families.

Myth 10 – Only white women get migraines.

Fact:  Women of all races suffer form migraines, though the prevalence is higher among Caucasian women. One study showed a 20.4% rate of migraine among Caucasian women, a 16.2% prevalence among African-American women, and a 9.2% prevalence among Asian-American women.

Myth 11 – If a person tried hard enough, she could shake her headache problem.

Fact:  It is simply not possible to “will away” your tendency to migraine. Many migraineurs try hard to find their migraine triggers and to control the illness. Although many women never seek medical treatment, they do take over-the-counter medication in an attempt to lessen these debilitating headaches. Much can be done to minimize the frequency and severity of migraines. Recent research has yielded new medications and new ideas about migraine. Doctors have made amazing strides in helping people, but we haven’t yet learned to cure people of migraines forever.

Myth 12 – Women who get migraines are extremely intelligent, high-achieving, nervous people who have a “migraine personality”.

Fact:  Though migraine sufferers like the “extremely intelligent” part of this stereotype, unfortunately, no study supports this idea. Many of the women I’ve treated were very bright; many were also high achievers. Others were of average aptitude and accomplishment. The American Migraine Study and other research demonstrate that people from all walks of life are plagued by migraines. But women who are high achievers are more likely to have medical resources available to them, are more likely to consult a physician, and are more likely to speak out about their illness than their less privileged “sisters”. While there is an increase in the incidence of certain psychiatric disorders as concomitant conditions with migraine, it is neither fair nor accurate to describe all women with migraine as having personality abnormalities. Nor is the abnormal personality the cause of the migraines; one must have a predisposition to migraines.

Excerpted from The Women’s Migraine Survival Guide

Menstrual Migraine

by admin | Sep 30, 2008 | Women & Headaches

Migraine affects three times more women than men, typically during their most productive years. This can lead to significant disruption to a person’s life, which for many years has gone unrecognised.  Recent research by the World Health Organization has established migraine as a leading cause of years of life lived with a disabling condition – 12th for women– compared to 19th for men.1

What is menstrual migraine?

Studies show that migraine is most likely to occur in the two days leading up to a period and the first three days of a period.2 Most women have attacks at other times of the month as well but a few have ‘pure’ menstrual migraine, only with their periods.

What is different about ‘menstrual’ attacks?

Menstrual attacks are typically more severe, last longer, and are more likely to recur the next day than non-menstrual attacks. This means that many women who find that their migraine treatment works well most of the time may still have a problem with managing their menstrual attacks.

Who gets ‘menstrual’ migraine?

Around 50 per cent of women notice a link between migraine and their periods. This may not be apparent until a woman reaches her late 30s or 40s, despite having had migraine since her teens or 20s. Women with other period problems often do not recognize that the accompanying headaches are actually migraine. This under-recognition of migraine by patients is compounded by a similar under-recognition of migraine by doctors.3

What causes ‘menstrual’ migraine?

Studies have shown that migraine can be triggered by a drop in oestrogen levels, such as naturally occurs around menstruation.4 Oestrogen ‘withdrawal’ also triggers migraine in other situations such as the pill-free interval of combined oral contraceptives.5  However, oestrogen is not the only hormone responsible for ‘menstrual’ migraine. Other studies have shown that women who notice migraine during the first few days of their period may be susceptible to the hormone prostaglandin. This hormone is at it’s highest level in the body during a period, particularly in women who have heavy or painful periods, and can be associated with headache.6 Research is ongoing as it’s quite likely that there are other causes for ‘menstrual’ migraine as the menstrual cycle is extremely complex. It involves a number of brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, that alter the effect of hormones such as oestrogen. It also involves other neuro- transmitters known to be involved in migraine such as serotonin.

How do I know I’ve got ‘menstrual’ migraine?

Keep diary cards for at least three menstrual cycles. This will help to confirm the relationship between migraine and your periods.You can just keep a note of migraine attacks and the first day of your period in your personal diary or you can download monthly diaries at our diary page or download a migraine diary app. You might worry that you should have some investigations such as a test of your hormones or a brain scan. These tests are usually only necessary if your doctor thinks the problem is something other than migraine. This is because there is nothing different about your hormones than other women who don’t have migraine – the difference is just that you are more sensitive to normal hormone fluctuations, which can then trigger migraine.  

Will it get better?

Migraine typically worsens as you get closer to the menopause, partly because periods come more often and partly because the normal hormone cycle becomes disrupted. The good news is that once periods stop and the hormones settle down, migraine improves.  

What can I do to help myself?

Most women with migraine can manage menstrual attacks in the same way as non menstrual migraine. Keeping diaries can help you anticipate when your period is due. Look especially at the non-hormonal migraine triggers as avoiding these pre-menstrually may be sufficient to prevent what appears to be an hormonally linked attack. For example, take care not to get over tired and, if necessary cut out alcohol. Eat small, frequent snacks to keep blood sugar levels up as missing meals or going too long without food can trigger attacks. Treat an attack with your usual medication and don’t delay – treatment is more effective the earlier it is taken. If the migraine attack returns later the same day or the next day, repeat the treatment. This can sometimes go on for four or five days around period time.  

What can my doctor do to help me?

If diary cards confirm that your attacks always occur two or three days around the first day of your period, your doctor might consider ways to prevent migraine. They are less effective in women with additional attacks at other times of the cycle resulting from non-hormonal triggers. Depending on the regularity of your menstrual cycle, whether or not you have painful or heavy periods, menopausal symptoms, or if you also need contraception, several different options can be tried. Although none of the drugs and hormones recommended below are licensed specifically for management of menstrual migraine, doctors can prescribe them for this condition if they feel that this would be of benefit to you.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Mefenamic acid is an effective migraine preventative and has been reported to be particularly helpful in reducing migraine associated with heavy and/or painful periods, although no clinical trials have been undertaken specifically for menstrual migraine. A dose of 500 mg, three to four times daily, may be started either 2 to 3 days before the expected start of your period, but is often effective even when started on the first day: this is useful if periods are irregular. Treatment is usually only necessary for the first two to three days of your period. Naproxen has also been found to be effective on doses of around 500 mg once or twice daily around the time of menstruation.7,8

Oestrogen supplements

Unless a woman also needs contraception, supplementing oestrogen for several days around the time of your period (perimenstrual treatment) can prevent the natural oestrogen drop that can trigger migraine.9-11 Perimenstrual oestrogen supplements can only be used when your periods are regular and predictable.

Oestrogen patches in a dose of 100 micrograms can be used from around 5 days before you expect your period to start and up to the 5th day of menstruation. The dose should be tapered off for the last few days of treatment by cutting the patch in half.12 If this regimen is effective but side-effects are a problem (bloating, breast tenderness, leg cramps, nausea) a 50 microgram dose should be tried for the next cycle.  Alternatively, estradiol gel 1.5 mg can be applied daily from around 5 days before expected menstruation up to the 5th day of menstruation, again tapering off the dose of oestrogen for the last few days of treatment.12  There is evidence that some women who benefit from oestrogen supplements experience delayed attacks when the supplements are stopped.11,13  In these women, treatment can be extended until day 7 of the cycle, when a woman’s own oestrogen starts to rise.

Long-term use of oestrogens for hormone replacement therapy by women after the menopause has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer.14 In contrast, there is no evidence that supplemental oestrogens used by premenopausal women who are still having natural periods carries the same risks.15 However, supplemental oestrogens are not recommended for women who are at high risk for breast cancer.

Triptans

Recent studies with perimenstrual triptans have proved promising. Although not currently recommended, it is likely that this treatment may become licensed for the prevention of ‘menstrual’ migraine.

Continuous hormonal strategies

If you need contraception, or your periods are irregular, there are a number of contraceptive strategies that can also help treat ‘menstrual’ migraine, as follows:

Combined hormonal contraceptives(CHC) contain oestrogen and progestogen. The most common one is the ‘pill’ although weekly patches are also available. These ‘switch off’ the natural menstrual cycle and maintain fairly stable oestrogen levels for the 21 days of active hormone. However, migraine often occurs in the seven day hormone-free interval, as oestrogen levels drop. It is increasingly acceptable to reduce the number of hormone-free intervals, and hence migraine attacks, by taking three or four consecutive packs before taking a seven day break.16 Taking CHCs continuously without a break may be even better for some women, if breakthrough bleeding is not a problem.17 Although this can be an effective strategy for women who have migraine without aura, contraceptive oestrogens should not be used by women who have migraine with aura due to the potential increased risk of ischaemic stroke.18 For such women, progestogen-only methods are recommended. Progestogen-only pill (Cerazette®) works in a similar way to combined hormonal contraceptives but does not contain oestrogen. (Note: Cerazette® is not available in the U.S. at this time.)

Because the pill is taken every day, without a break, many women do not have periods, although irregular bleeding can be an occasional problem. Unlike Cerazette, other brands of progestogen-only pills do not switch off the cycle and are unlikely to help menstrual migraine. Injectable depot progestogens also work in a similar way to combined hormonal contraceptives and are given every 12 weeks. Although most women having depot progestogens find that their periods stop completely, it can take a few months before this happens. Until then, migraine can occur with bleeding.19 It is therefore important to persevere until bleeding settles down, which may not be until the 3rd or 4th injection.

Levonorgestrel (Mirena®) Intra-uterine System (IUS) is licensed for contraception but is also highly effective at reducing menstrual bleeding and associated pain. It may be effective in migraine that is related to heavy or painful periods that has responded to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as mefenamic acid or naproxen. It is not effective for women who are sensitive to oestrogen withdrawal as a migraine trigger, as the normal hormone cycle continues.

Should I have a hysterectomy?

Hysterectomy has no place solely in the management of migraine. Studies show that migraine is more likely to deteriorate after surgery.20 However, if other medical problems require a hysterectomy, which can induce the menopause, the effects on migraine are probably lessened by subsequent oestrogen replacement therapy. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormones create a medical ‘menopause’ and have been used to assess the likely outcome of a hysterectomy, although symptoms of oestrogen deficiency such as hot flushes, limit their use.21,22 The hormones are also associated with bone thinning (osteoporosis) and should not usually be used for longer than six months without regular monitoring and scans to test bone density. ‘Add-back’ continuous combined oestrogen and progestogen can be given to counter these difficulties. Given these limitations, in addition to their high cost, this type of treatment is generally only used in specialist departments.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

The menopause marks a time of increased migraine. HRT can help, not only by stabilising oestrogen fluctuations ssociated with migraine, but also by relieving night sweats that can disturb sleep. Unlike oestrogen supplements, which are just used around the time of the period, HRT is taken throughout the cycle. It should only be started when periods become irregular and/or other menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes are present. If taken for only a couple of years to control symptoms, there is no evidence of increased risk of breast cancer.23,24  

Every effort has been taken to ensure that this article is accurate and complete but this cannot be guaranteed. Rapid advances in medicine may cause information contained here to become outdated, invalid or subject to debate.

MigraineSurvival is not responsible for the results of your decisions resulting from the use of this information.

References

1. World Health Organization. Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
2. MacGregor EA, Hackshaw A. Prevalence of migraine on each day of the natural menstrual cycle. Neurology 2004;63(2):351-3.
3. Lipton R, Stewart W, Celentano D, Reed M. Undiagnosed migraine headaches: a comparison of symptom-based and reported physician diagnosis. Arch Intern Med1992;152:1273-1278.
4. Somerville BW. The role of estradiol withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine. Neurology1972;22(4):355-65.
5. Macgregor EA, Hackshaw A. Prevention of migraine in the pill-free interval of combined oral contraceptives: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using natural oestrogen supplements. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2002;28(1):27-31.
6. Chan W. Prostaglandins and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in dysmenorrhoea. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1983;23:131-49.
7. Szekely B, Meeryman S, Post G. Prophylactic effects of naproxen sodium on perimenstrual headache: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia1989;9:452-3.
8. Nattero G, Allais G, De Lorenzo C, et al. Biological and clinical effects of naproxen sodium in patients with menstrual migraine. Cephalalgia1991;11(suppl 11):201-2.
9. de Lignières B, Vincens M, Mauvais-Jarvis P, Mas JL, Touboul P, Bousser MG. Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous estradiol. BMJ1986;293(6561):1540.
10. Dennerstein L, Morse C, Burrows G, Oats J, Brown J, Smith M. Menstrual migraine: a double-blind trial of percutaneous estradiol. Gynecol Endocrinol 1988;2:113-120.
11. MacGregor EA, Frith A, Ellis J, Aspinall L. Estrogen ‘withdrawal’: a trigger for migraine? A double-blind placebo – controlled study of estrogen supplements in the late luteal phase in women with menstrually-related migraine. Cephalalgia2003;23:684.
12. MacGregor EA. Migraine in Women. 3rd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 2003.
13. Somerville BW. Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. I. Duration of exposure required and attempted prophylaxis by premenstrual estrogen administration. Neurology1975;25(3):239-44.
14. Beral V, Hermon D, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: a 25- year follow up of 46,000 women from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. BMJ 1999;318:96-100.
15. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet1996;347:1713-27.
16. Nelson AL. Extended-cycle oral contraception: a new option for routine use. Treat Endocrinol 2005;4(3):139-45.
17. Thomas S, Ellertson C. Nuisance or natural and healthy: should monthly menstruation be optional for women? Lancet2000;355:922-4.
18. World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods. Third ed. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
19. Somerville B, Carey M. The use of continuous progestogen contraception in the treatment of migraine. Med J Aust 1970;1:1043-5.
20. Neri I, Granella F, Nappi R, Manzoni G, Facchinetti F, Genazzani A. Characteristics of headache at menopause: a clinico-epidemiologic study. Maturitas1993;17:31-7.
21. Holdaway IM, Parr CE, France J. Treatment of a patient with severe menstrual migraine using the depot LHRH analogue Zoladex. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;31(2):164-165.
22. Murray SC, Muse KN. Effective treatment of severe menstrual migraine headaches with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and ‘add-back’ therapy. Fertil Steril 1997;67(2):390-3.
23. Chlebowski R, Hendrix S, Lander R, et al for the Women’s Health Initiative Randomised Trial. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammograpy in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 2003;289:3243-53.
24. Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003;362:419-27.

written by E. Anne MacGregor, MD, and used with kind permission

Migraine and Contraception

by admin | Sep 30, 2008 | Women & Headaches

Contraception in Women with Migraine

Just as a woman’s own hormones can have an effect on migraine, so can hormones used for contraception. Because different types of contraception work in different ways, each can have different effects on migraine. Understanding how each method works can help you make the best choice for contraception, sometimes even with benefit for migraine.

What types of contraception are available?

There are two main types of contraception: hormonal and non-hormonal. Hormonal includes combined hormonal contraceptives (the ‘pill’ and the ‘patch’), which contain synthetic oestrogen and progestogen. These are usually used for 21 consecutive days before a 7-day hormone-free interval during which a woman usually has a withdrawal bleed, just like a period. They are very effective methods of contraception as their main effect is to stop an egg being released from the ovaries (ovulation) each month. Combined hormonal contraception (CHC) is very safe for most women, including most women with migraine. However, it is not suitable for women who are at a higher background risk of blood clots, particularly women who smoke, have high blood pressure, who are very overweight, or who have migraine aura, since the oestrogen component can further increase the risk.

How do they affect migraine?

Headache is a common symptom during the early months of using hormonal contraception but usually resolves with time. With regard to migraine, many women, particularly those who have migraine without aura, report improvement. If attacks occur, they tend to come during the hormone-free week.1,2,3 Other women, usually those with migraine with aura, note a worsening in frequency or severity of attacks.4 A few women develop aura for the first time.

I’ve got migraine and I want to take the combined pill, is it safe?

For the majority of women combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) are a highly effective and safe method of contraception, with added health benefits such as reduced risk of womb, ovarian and bowel cancers, lighter menstrual periods, and relief from premenstrual symptoms. Some women even take CHCs to help treat menstrual migraine. However, for a minority of women, including those who have migraine with aura CHCs are associated with an increase in the risk of stroke.5 Fortunately, the actual likelihood of a stroke occurring in a young women with migraine with aura who takes the ‘pill’ is extremely low. It is also an avoidable risk since most contraceptives that do not contain oestrogen are at least as effective as CHCs and some are more effective.  

So how great is the risk?

Imagine a group of 100,000 women, all under 35, who do not have migraine and who don’t take CHCs. Only around one of those women is likely to have an ischaemic stroke within the next year. If the same group of women started on CHCs, 5 of them are at risk of an ischaemic stroke within the next year. If all 100,000 women had migraine with aura and took CHCs, around 28 would be at risk.6 As you can see, the risk of having a stroke is low even if you have migraine and take the pill, and is likely to be even lower if you don’t smoke and don’t have high blood pressure. However, as the risk is directly related to the oestrogen in the CHCs, it can be avoided by using non-oestrogen methods of contraception.7,8,9

Hence the World Health Organization have made recommendations to ensure safe prescribing of CHCs by identifying women at risk of arterial thrombosis and, where the risks outweigh the benefit of the method, offering alternative contraception.10 These risk factors include high blood pressure, obesity, smoking and migraine with aura. Due to the increasing choice of methods available, there should be no loss of contraceptive efficacy. Women with a distant past history of migraine with aura, such as during childhood, may be offered a trial of CHCs but these should be discontinued immediately if aura symptoms occur.

I can often sense I’m going to get a migraine – is this an ‘aura’?

Migraine with aura accounts for around 20% to 30% of migraines, and in 1% of cases there is no headache. The symptoms of aura are almost invariably visual, developing gradually over 5 to 20 minutes and lasting for less than 1 hour before disappearing.11 People usually describe the visual aura as starting from a small, just off-centre bright spot, which enlarges to a bright, curved, zig-zag line (scintillation). The scintillations make map-like “fortification” figures that flicker with the brilliant intensity of a fluorescent bulb. Within these lines, vision can be dark and blank (scotoma). Sensory symptoms, such as feeling ‘pins and needles’ spreading up the arm from one hand and into the mouth, and difficulty saying the right words can also occur.

After the aura subsides, a typical migraine headache ensues, although sometimes the headache that follows is not a migraine-type headache, or there may be no headache. The crucial characteristics of aura are the duration and timing of symptoms in relation to onset of migraine headache. Aura should not be confused with the more common premonitory symptoms that occur 1 or 2 days before a migraine attack; these can generalized visual spots, blurred vision or flashes occurring several hours before or even during the headache itself.

If you’re not sure whether your warning symptoms are aura, ask yourself the following questions:

Do you ever have visual disturbances:

• Starting before the headache?
• Lasting up to one hour?
• Resolving before the headache?

If you answer ‘yes’ to all three questions, it is likely that your symptoms are aura.12

What causes migraine in the ‘pill-free’ week?

Migraine occurring exclusively in the hormone-free week is probably triggered by falling levels of oestrogen.13 Such attacks are typically migraine without aura and usually commence a couple of days after the hormones are stopped. If acute treatment is inadequate to control symptoms, hormonal prophylaxis may help.  

What can I do to help myself?

For the majority of women with migraine who are using hormonal contraception, management does not differ from standard treatment recommendations. This means treating attacks with pain-killers and keeping diary cards to establish the pattern of attacks and to identify non-hormonal triggers. Often effective acute treatment is usually all that is necessary, particularly if attacks only occur once or twice a month.

What can my doctor do to help me?

If pain-killers are not effective, your doctor can prescribe a number of different treatments including a combination of analgesics with anti-nauseant drugs that help the painkillers to work more effectively, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triptans, and ergot derivatives. If acute treatment is inadequate to control symptoms, hormonal prophylaxis may be considered. Although there are no data from clinical trials to support the following suggestions, they are widely used in practice. The tri-cycle regimen of three consecutive hormone cycles without a break followed by a hormone-free interval means that you would have only five such migraines a year instead of 13.

In some countries CHC pills are licensed for a 91-day cycle of 84 days of pill-taking followed by a 7-day break, resulting in only 4 pill-free intervals a year. Using natural oestrogen supplements during the hormone-free interval is another option. This provides some protection against oestrogen withdrawal, while enabling a progestogen withdrawal bleed to occur. Types of oestrogen available include 100 µg patches twice within the hormone-free week, 1.5 mg gel daily, or 2 mg oral oestradiol valerate daily during the pill-free interval.13

Key points

• Combined hormonal contraceptives (the ‘Pill’ and the ‘Patch’) are safe for healthy non-smoking women with migraine without aura
• Combined hormonal contraceptives are contraindicated for women with migraine with aura because of an increased risk of ischaemic stroke.
• Progestogen-only and non-hormonal methods of contraception are not associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke.
• Some progestogen-only and non-hormonal methods are more effective contraceptives than combined hormonal contraceptives.

Every effort has been taken to ensure that this article is accurate and complete but this cannot be guaranteed. Rapid advances in medicine may cause information contained here to become outdated, invalid or subject to debate.  

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3. Ryan R. A controlled study of the effect of oral contraceptives on migraine. Headache1978;17(6):250-1.

4. Granella F, Sances G, Pucci E, Nappi RE, Ghiotto N, Nappi G. Migraine with aura and reproductive life events: a case control study. Cephalalgia2000;20(8):701-7.

5. Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC, Samii A (2005) Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ330(7482): 63-65.

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7. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease and use of oral and injectable progestogen-only contraceptives and combined injectable contraceptives. Contraception1998;57:315-324.

8. Poulter NR, Chang CL, Farley TMM, Meirik O. Risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with oral progestogen prepa- rations with therapeutic indications. Lancet1999(354):1610.

9. Heinemann LA, Assmann A, DoMinh T, Garbe E. Oral progestogen-only contraceptives and cardiovascular risk: results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1999;4(2):67-73.

10. World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. Third ed. Geneva: WHO, 2004.

11. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The International Classification of Headache Disorders (2nd edition). Cephalalgia2004;24(suppl 1):1-160.

12. Gervil M, Ulrich V, Olesen J, Russell M. Screening for migraine in the general population: validation of a simple questionnaire. Cephalalgia1998;18:342-8.

13. MacGregor EA, Hackshaw A. Prevention of migraine in the pill-free week of combined oral contraceptives using natural oestrogen supplements. JFamily Planning and Reproductive Healthcare2002;28(1):27-31.

written by Prof. Anne MacGregor, MD, specialist in headache and women’s health, and used with kind permission